For conflicts of interest: which sequence is recommended?

• A. Disclose only after decision.
• B. Recuse only if asked by client.
• C. Document safeguards then disclose.
• D. Disclose, recuse from decision-making when necessary, and document safeguards.

Answer: (D)

Handling conflicts of interest starts with open disclosure so everyone understands where bias could come from. Once disclosed, you should step back from the decision-making unless your involvement is still necessary and can be free from influence, effectively recusing from the decision when needed. Finally, document the safeguards and actions taken to preserve accountability and allow oversight. Disclosing after a decision undermines transparency and integrity. Recusing only when asked by the client is passive and can allow biased influence to persist. Documenting safeguards alone doesn’t address the need to inform others and adjust who actually makes the decision.